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Untitled
COBOL and the Business Programming=20
Paradigm
by Jonathan Sayles, IBM
"Why COBOL"=20
Have you gone to a Technology conference lately? =
If you=20
did, you probably couldn't miss listening to some sarcastic remark about =
the=20
COBOL language, COBOL development and even COBOL developers. Yes, it's =
1996, and=20
the anti-COBOL dogmatists are still on the warpath, with their "new =
AS=20
improved" (as opposed to the more accurate, "new as=20
unproven") line of rhetoric on how to reform I/S.
Only this time they're taking no prisoners. They're pitch is that =
COBOL is a=20
computing language whose time has come and (long since) gone. And that =
I/S's=20
only salvation from COBOL lies in rewriting production applications =
using=20
modern (alternative) technology. Managers, =
directors and=20
vice presidents in attendence should be alert to the implications of =
this=20
message: "COBOL may be what's always - and is currently - keeping =
your data=20
center operational, but you're better off staking your personal - and =
the=20
company's - technical and financial fortunes on technologies with =
little-to-no=20
track record in the production world." For all the hype you'd =
suppose that=20
95% of the production business applications in the Fortune 500 were =
written in=20
alternative technologies and only 5% were written in COBOL!
Adding insult to injury=20
Not content to stop at burying the language, many=20
alternative-technology-proponents feel compelled to demean COBOL=20
developers, stooping to imply that they are "dim-wits" all of whom =
should be=20
replaced by recent college-graduates armed with the latest trendy =
software and=20
silver bullet products. Some have even gone so far as to allege that the =
reason=20
for past silver bullet failures can be blamed entirely on those =
dumb-old,=20
incorrigible COBOL programmers - who just can't help but get in the way =
of=20
progress (remember "new AS improved"). Few have the =
honesty and=20
candor to admit that silver bullet technologies fail because they =
lack=20
the bandwidth necessary to cope with the complexities intrinsic to =
production=20
business requirements, production business capacity and scale.
Dave Babson, president of Burl Technologies sums it up nicely; "The =
new=20
technology providers bash COBOL because they must create a throw away =
- build=20
from scratch mentality in order for their products to succeed." And =
this new=20
wave of anti-COBOL dogma might seem so much tripe were it not so =
pervasive and=20
unchallenged by technicians unwilling to be politically incorrect. So, =
others=20
can bury Caesar, I'll praise him.
Why is it that COBOL is still an excellent fit with the needs =
of=20
large-scale, complex, long-lived business computing and application=20
development?
COBOL and the Business Application Paradigm=20
The first COBOL committee - a group of independent language experts =
and I/S=20
technicians from all walks of life (many commercial-industry (finance,=20
manufacturing, retail,etc.), but including computer software vendors,=20
government, and university - academia!) was convened to design a =
business=20
oriented computing language that was to become a standard throughout the =
commercial data processing world. Besides taking into account what =
computers=20
were capable of - at the time, and what business at the time needed from =
a=20
general-purpose data processing language, the group took into serious=20
consideration that there are fundamental, critical and non-negotiable =
realities=20
of business application development. Let us call these realities the=20
"Business Application Paradigm." They are listed below in figure =
one.
- Business Applications are large, very large and very, very =
large=20
- Business Applications are magnitudes of order more complex than =
dog&pony show demos=20
- Business Applications are long-lived (10, 20 and 30 year-old=20
applications are common)=20
- Business Applications are dynamic - During the time business=20
applications spend in production they grow in complexity, and evolve =
well=20
beyond the original design and specification requirements=20
- Business Applications are critical - Applications must be =
stable at=20
high transaction and data access volume and capacity (often measured =
in the=20
millions/day). If applications ABEND they must be fix-able, and =
reStart-able=20
under duress=20
- Business Computing Architectures evolve and change=20
- Business comes first - Technology for technologies sake is not =
good=20
business=20
- Business projects will be understaffed and overworked=20
- Millions of business programmers are needed to meet worldwide =
business=20
application development requirements=20
- Business project teams change - individuals responsible for =
writing=20
applications rarely maintain and support them in production=20
- I/S departments are unique - no two shops employ the same =
methods,=20
standards and practices in developing, maintaining and supporting =
production=20
code
Figure 1. The realities of the Business Application=20
Paradigm - yesterday, today and tommorrow
After much analysis, research and discussion, the independent COBOL =
committee=20
came up with the first COBOL language standard. COBOL was designed to =
meet both=20
the technical requirements for business processing at the time, and the =
critical=20
requirements of the Business Application Paradigm. The committee did an=20
excellent job of reconciling the contradictory requirements inherent in =
Figure=20
1. Through their intelligence, independence, foresight and hard work, =
they=20
created a standard, pragmatic general-purpose business-oriented =
computing=20
language, which over time, has kept production systems - and the =
businesses they=20
support - operational.
COBOL as a business computing language is the only single =
language=20
that meets the requirements of figure 1. Other languages may excel at =
one or a=20
few of the elements in figure 1, but COBOL alone is:
Self-documenting=20
- COBOL is an English, readable, self-documenting programming =
language.=20
Large, complex, and long-lived application development projects =
benefit from=20
COBOL's self-documenting syntax and semantics. Most importantly -=20
maintenance and production support-related tasks =
benefit,=20
particularly when done by I/S technicians who are not the =
original=20
application authors.
Simple=20
- COBOL encourages a simple, straight-forward programming style. =
Programmers=20
develop complex applications combining simple procedural constructs, =
instead=20
of writing impenetrable, terse code. This facilitates maintainable,=20
production-enabled programs for large, long-lived, dynamic, complex=20
applications.
NonProprietary-(portable)=20
- COBOL is far and away the most portable language. Because the =
independent=20
ANSI-COBOL committee legislates non-vendor-specific syntax and =
semantic=20
standards, COBOL applications can be developed, ported, down-sized, =
upsized,=20
rehosted, reused and rightsized to every operating system on every =
hardware=20
platform - PC, Network, mid-range, mainframe, Windows, OS/2, every =
flavor of=20
Unix, DOS, AS/400, VSE, VMS, VM, MVS, you name it, COBOL's been there, =
done=20
that.
Efficient=20
- COBOL has a 20 year history of optimizing compiler =
technology,=20
which by now is sophisticated to the point of object code =
reengineering for=20
greatest run-time efficiency specific to given hardware platforms. =
Scalable=20
- Through COBOL's availability on all common I/S run-time =
environments, and=20
through NonProprietary CALL USING constructs COBOL applications can =
scale up=20
with loose or tight coupling - and even O-O message binding with ease. =
Complex=20
business data processing activity which is supported by huge COBOL=20
applications (millions of lines of code) is common and maintained =
through this=20
simple, scalable construct.
Universal=20
- Well over 1,500,000 I/S technicians and programmers worldwide =
are=20
expert in COBOL. COBOL solutions do not require hard-to-find, =
expensive=20
consultants to develop, maintain and support them (although lately, =
with all=20
the fuss and attention paid to non-COBOL technologies, want-ads for =
COBOL=20
programmers are dramatically on the rise!). Through the efforts of the =
ANSI=20
committee COBOL programs written in Germany run on mainframes from =
Deli to=20
Santa Cruz to Manhattan. The COBOL language is a constant from =
shop-to-shop,=20
from project-to-project.
Open=20
- COBOL integrates and can converse with all other 3GLs (C, PL/I =
Fortran,=20
etc.) all 4GLs (CA-Eztrieve, FOCUS, Visual Basic, PowerBuilder, =
Delphi),=20
assembler languages (ALC), pure and hybrid O-O languages (Smalltalk, =
C++...),=20
API-based technologies (Windows SDK, DCE...), relational (aka =
Client/Server)=20
DBMSs, non-relational DBMSs (IMS, CA-IDMS, Total), object DBMSs, and =
all=20
pointer-based and sequential file systems.
Complete=20
- In spite of its simplicity and in addition to its business =
orientation=20
COBOL is "computationally complete" - and can be used in applications =
that run=20
the gamut from simple batch reporting to complex transaction and =
windowed=20
systems across all industries and business and computing requirements. =
Mature=20
- COBOL has thousands of 3rd-Party products from hundreds of =
companies with=20
upwards of thirty years of support for the COBOL market. Hundreds of =
products=20
exist in the critical areas of application testing, debugging, =
application=20
analysis, maintenance, production support and code reuse. New COBOL =
compilers=20
and development tools are announced every quarter.
Reliable and Proven=20
- Perhaps most significantly COBOL is used in more production =
systems and=20
has a more proven and reliable production history than all other =
business=20
languages combined.
Why COBOL?=20
Figure 2 describes the above COBOL attributes positioned against the=20
realities and requirements of the Business Application Paradigm. As =
figure 2=20
makes apparent, COBOL evolved from the business development paradigm, =
and as a=20
single language is uniquely suited for business application development, =
maintenance and production support. This is not to say that COBOL is all =
you=20
need to create contemporary (particularly GUI) applications. Nor is it =
say that=20
COBOL is even best for every class and type of business application. But =
if you=20
are developing large, complex, long-lived production systems, that will =
be=20
maintained by a heterogenous group of developers COBOL is the one =
constant that=20
can be depended on to protect your investment in business application=20
development in an age where intemperate change in I/S technology =
accelerates=20
towards warp speed.
Is it any wonder that COBOL's death, while anxiously anticipated by =
vendors=20
wishing to replace the language with their own proprietary wares, is =
"greatly=20
exaggerated"? Is it any wonder that COBOL is still the "language of =
choice" for=20
Enterprise application development? Gartner Group August 1995 =
reports=20
that COBOL is used in over 65% of new application development! =
The only=20
wonder is that COBOL doesn't dominate the I/S tabloids and conference =
seminars.=20
But then, what works has never been as interesting as what's =
fashionable. And=20
fashionable is conspicuously absent from the business application =
paradigm.
---------------- COBOL Language Elements and Properties=20
-------------------=20
| Business Application Paradigm =
Realities and=20
Requirements |
Self-Documenting |
Simple |
Portable |
Efficient |
Scalable |
Universal |
Open |
Complete |
Mature |
Reliable |
| Large Applications |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
| Complex Applications |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
| Long-lived Applications |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
| Dynamic Applications |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
| Critical Applications |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
| Evolving Architectures |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
| Business-orientation |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
| Project understaffing |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
| Bell-shaped curve of talent =
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
| Every shop is unique |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
| Maintenance/production supp. =
|
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Figure 2, How the COBOL language properties support the =
Business=20
Computing Paradigm
Jonathan Sayles, Business Application Developer, IBM/Rational Software, =
=20
Mr. Sayles has published 16 books and ~100 articles on topics such as relational =
database, enterprise modernization, Rational Software products, client/server development, application development =
workbenches, Visual=20
Basic, PowerBuilder, DB2, Oracle, and SQL. He has been editor of the DB2 =
Journal, and the Relational Database Journal. Mr. Sayles has spoken at=20
IBM, Rational, Fortune 100 company, Powersoft, VBits, IBM, Micro Focus, and DBExpo international=20
conferences, as well as hundreds of regional conferences. As a technical =
consultant, Mr. Sayles has worked in over 80 of the Fortune 1000 shops =
in the=20
last 10 years.
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